IRAQ

IRAQ. As an Ottoman province, Iraq suffered in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries from the waning of Istanbul’s influence and from its geographical position at […]

IRANIAN REVOLUTION OF 1979

IRANIAN REVOLUTION OF 1979. Like all great social upheavals, the Iranian Revolution of 1979 was many years in the making. Its effects will resound throughout […]

IRAN

IRAN. Iranians have always called their country Iran (Land of the Aryans, or “noble people”), but outsiders long used the name Persia (Parsa; Gk., Persis), […]

IQBAL, MUHAMMAD

IQBAL, MUHAMMAD (1877-1938), Indo-Pakistani political and religious writer and poet. The poetphilosopher of Islam and Pakistan was born on 9 November 1877 at Sialkot, a […]

INTIZAR.

INTIZAR. Until `All Shari`ati (d. 1977) introduced it in his presentation of Shiism, the term intizar (lit. “waiting”), had not been used as a specific […]

ABBAS, SHAH

Shāh ‘Abbās the Great (or Shāh ‘Abbās I) (Persian: شاه عَباس بُزُرگ‎) (27 January 1571 – 19 January 1629) was the 5th Safavid Shah (king) […]

INTERNATIONAL LAW.

INTERNATIONAL LAW. The expansion of Islam, territorial conquests, and the progressive formation of a Muslim empire that had its apogee between the eighth and ninth […]