Author: Batoota

WEST BANK AND GAZA

WEST BANK AND GAZA. The territories west of the Jordan River, lost by Jordan in the 1967 war with Israel, are known as the West […]

PAKISTAN

PAKISTAN. The Islamic Republic of Pakistan, with a population of 122.8 million (1993 estimate), is the second largest Muslim nation in the world. Although they […]

PAINTING

PAINTING. With very few exceptions, there is no tradition of figural imagery in a religious context in Islam. Religious structures have been lavishly decorated with […]

PAHLAVI, REZA SHAH

PAHLAVI, REZA SHAH (15 March 1878 – 26 July 1944), Iranian monarch and founder of the Pahlavi dynasty. Of modest origins and without a formal education, […]

PAHLAVI, MUHAMMAD REZA SHAH

PAHLAVI, MUHAMMAD REZA SHAH (26 October 1919 – 27 July 1980), last ruling monarch of the Pahlavi dynasty of Iran. Born in Tehran, Crown Prince Muhammad […]

OZAL, TURGUT

OZAL, TURGUT (1927-1993), eighth president of Turkey. Born in Malatya on 13 October 1927, Ozal died in office in Ankara on 17 April 1993. He […]

OTTOMAN EMPIRE

OTTOMAN EMPIRE. Called by the Turks Osmanlls, after the name of the founder of the dynasty Osman I (Ar., `Uthman), the Ottomans were Oghuz (Tk., […]

ORIENTALISM

ORIENTALISM. Beginning as a field based on the study of original texts in Asian languages requiring a rigorous specialized training, Orientalism flourished in Western scholarship […]

ORGANIZATION OF THE ISLAMIC JIHAD

ORGANIZATION OF THE ISLAMIC JIHAD. Munazzamat al-Jihad al-Islami (or simply Jihad alIslam-1; the Organization of the Islamic Jihad) in Lebanon was formed out of Hizbullah […]

ORGANIZATION OF THE ISLAMIC CONFERENCE

ORGANIZATION OF THE ISLAMIC CONFERENCE The Islamic theory of international relations centers around the Qur’anic concept of ummah, the community of believers that spans all […]