SCIENCE. Between the ninth and thirteenth centuries Islamic civilization made major original contributions to the development of premodern science and transmitted Greek learning to Europe […]
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SAUDI ARABIA
SAUDI ARABIA. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was formally proclaimed in 1932 by `Abd al-`Aziz ibn `Abd al-Rahman Al Sa’ud and is ruled by his […]
SA’UD, ABD AL-AZIZ IBN ABD ALRAHMAN AL
SA’UD, ABD AL-AZIZ IBN ABD ALRAHMAN AL (15 January 1875(1880) – 9 November 1953), founder of the present Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and its first ruler. […]
SAREKAT ISLAM
SAREKAT ISLAM. Indonesia’s first mass political party, Sarekat Islam at one time claimed more than one million adherents. It was the successor to Sarekat Dagang […]
SALAFIYAH
SALAFIYAH. A reform movement founded by Jamal al-Din al-Afghani and Muhammad `Abduh at the turn of the twentieth century, the Salafiyah has religious, cultural, social, […]
SAINTHOOD
SAINTHOOD. The words “saint” and “sainthood” are used cross-culturally to describe persons of exceptional spiritual merit and the status attained by such persons. These terms […]