PAHLAVI, MUHAMMAD REZA SHAH (26 October 1919 – 27 July 1980), last ruling monarch of the Pahlavi dynasty of Iran. Born in Tehran, Crown Prince Muhammad […]
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OZAL, TURGUT
OZAL, TURGUT (1927-1993), eighth president of Turkey. Born in Malatya on 13 October 1927, Ozal died in office in Ankara on 17 April 1993. He […]
OTTOMAN EMPIRE
OTTOMAN EMPIRE. Called by the Turks Osmanlls, after the name of the founder of the dynasty Osman I (Ar., `Uthman), the Ottomans were Oghuz (Tk., […]
ORIENTALISM
ORIENTALISM. Beginning as a field based on the study of original texts in Asian languages requiring a rigorous specialized training, Orientalism flourished in Western scholarship […]
ORGANIZATION OF THE ISLAMIC JIHAD
ORGANIZATION OF THE ISLAMIC JIHAD. Munazzamat al-Jihad al-Islami (or simply Jihad alIslam-1; the Organization of the Islamic Jihad) in Lebanon was formed out of Hizbullah […]
ORGANIZATION OF THE ISLAMIC CONFERENCE
ORGANIZATION OF THE ISLAMIC CONFERENCE The Islamic theory of international relations centers around the Qur’anic concept of ummah, the community of believers that spans all […]
NURI, FAZLULLAH
NURI, FAZLULLAH (December 24, 1843 in Mazandaran – July 31, 1909 in Tehran), more fully, Hajj Shaykh Fazlullah ibn Mulla `Abbas Mazandarani Nuri Tihrani, a […]