IRAQ

IRAQ. As an Ottoman province, Iraq suffered in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries from the waning of Istanbul’s influence and from its geographical position at […]

IRANIAN REVOLUTION OF 1979

IRANIAN REVOLUTION OF 1979. Like all great social upheavals, the Iranian Revolution of 1979 was many years in the making. Its effects will resound throughout […]

IRAN

IRAN. Iranians have always called their country Iran (Land of the Aryans, or “noble people”), but outsiders long used the name Persia (Parsa; Gk., Persis), […]

IQBAL, MUHAMMAD

IQBAL, MUHAMMAD (1877-1938), Indo-Pakistani political and religious writer and poet. The poetphilosopher of Islam and Pakistan was born on 9 November 1877 at Sialkot, a […]

INTERNATIONAL LAW.

INTERNATIONAL LAW. The expansion of Islam, territorial conquests, and the progressive formation of a Muslim empire that had its apogee between the eighth and ninth […]

INTEREST

INTEREST. The question of whether interest is a legitimate financial instrument has long been a source of controversy throughout the Islamic world. The origins of […]

INSTITUTE OF MUSLIM MINORITY AFFAIRS

INSTITUTE OF MUSLIM MINORITY AFFAIRS. Incorporated in London in 1983, the Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs (IMMA) is an independent body with the objective of […]