OZAL, TURGUT (1927-1993), eighth president of Turkey. Born in Malatya on 13 October 1927, Ozal died in office in Ankara on 17 April 1993. He […]
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OTTOMAN EMPIRE
OTTOMAN EMPIRE. Called by the Turks Osmanlls, after the name of the founder of the dynasty Osman I (Ar., `Uthman), the Ottomans were Oghuz (Tk., […]
ORGANIZATION OF THE ISLAMIC JIHAD
ORGANIZATION OF THE ISLAMIC JIHAD. Munazzamat al-Jihad al-Islami (or simply Jihad alIslam-1; the Organization of the Islamic Jihad) in Lebanon was formed out of Hizbullah […]
ORGANIZATION OF THE ISLAMIC CONFERENCE
ORGANIZATION OF THE ISLAMIC CONFERENCE The Islamic theory of international relations centers around the Qur’anic concept of ummah, the community of believers that spans all […]