Tag: encyclopedia

OZAL, TURGUT

OZAL, TURGUT (1927-1993), eighth president of Turkey. Born in Malatya on 13 October 1927, Ozal died in office in Ankara on 17 April 1993. He […]

OTTOMAN EMPIRE

OTTOMAN EMPIRE. Called by the Turks Osmanlls, after the name of the founder of the dynasty Osman I (Ar., `Uthman), the Ottomans were Oghuz (Tk., […]

ORIENTALISM

ORIENTALISM. Beginning as a field based on the study of original texts in Asian languages requiring a rigorous specialized training, Orientalism flourished in Western scholarship […]

ORGANIZATION OF THE ISLAMIC JIHAD

ORGANIZATION OF THE ISLAMIC JIHAD. Munazzamat al-Jihad al-Islami (or simply Jihad alIslam-1; the Organization of the Islamic Jihad) in Lebanon was formed out of Hizbullah […]

ORGANIZATION OF THE ISLAMIC CONFERENCE

ORGANIZATION OF THE ISLAMIC CONFERENCE The Islamic theory of international relations centers around the Qur’anic concept of ummah, the community of believers that spans all […]

OMAN

OMAN. Although a major component of its distinctiveness derives from Ibadi Islam, Oman is religiously, ethnically, and geographically complex. Its estimated 1992 population of 1,500,000 […]

NURI, FAZLULLAH

NURI, FAZLULLAH (December 24, 1843 in Mazandaran – July 31, 1909 in Tehran), more fully, Hajj Shaykh Fazlullah ibn Mulla `Abbas Mazandarani Nuri Tihrani, a […]

NURCULUK

NURCULUK. The modern Turkish religious movement known as Nurculuk takes its name from its founder and leader Bediuzzaman Said Nursi (18761960). He was born in […]

NURCHOLISH MADJID

NURCHOLISH MADJID (March 17, 1939 – August 29, 2005), Indonesian scholar and advocate of religious tolerance. Nurcholish is among Indonesia’s most daring theologians. His vision […]