Is the Mpemba Effect Real?

Batoota — Tue, 12 Jul 2022 18:10:07 +0000

For more than 2,000 years, scientists have observed the unique phenomenon that, in some conditions, hot water freezes faster than cold water. In the fourth century B.C.E., Greek scientist Aristotle noted, “The fact that the water has previously been warmed contributes to its freezing quickly: for so it cools sooner.” Seventeenth-century English scientist Francis Bacon noted, “slightly tepid water freezes more easily than that which is utterly cold.” Several years later, French mathematician René Descartes echoed his predecessors’ observations, writing, “One can see by experience that water that has been kept on a fire for a long time freezes faster than other.” Given the centuries old knowledge that hot water does indeed freeze faster than cold in certain circumstances, it should have come as no surprise when Tanzanian schoolboy Erasto Mpemba claimed in his science class in 1963 that ice cream would freeze faster if it was heated first before being put into a freezer. “You were confused,” said his teacher; “that cannot happen.” Mpemba’s assertion also amused his classmates—but their laughter quickly turned to a murmur of assent when a school supervisor ran the experiment and proved the young man correct. Scientists have offered many explanations to account for the unexpected phenomenon, but to date none has been accepted by the wider scientific community. Here are a few suggestions: EVAPORATION As the warmer water cools to the temperature of the cooler water, it may lose large amounts of water to evaporation. The reduced mass more easily allows for the water to cool and freeze. DISSOLVED GASES Hot water can hold less dissolved gas than cold water. This may somehow change the properties of the water, making it easier to develop convection currents, and therefore easier to freeze. FROST Frost conducts heat poorly. If the containers of hot water are sitting on layers of frost, the water will cause the frost to melt. This would establish better thermal contact with the cold refrigerator shelf or floor. To date, experiments have not adequately illustrated which, if any, of the proposed processes is the most important one. “It seems likely that there is no one mechanism that explains the Mpemba effect for all circumstances,” explained Monwhea Jeng of the Department of Physics at the University of California, in 1998.

What Makes a Boomerang Come Back?

Batoota — Mon, 11 Jul 2022 17:48:25 +0000

The boomerang is one of humanity’s oldest heavier-than-air flying inventions. King Tutankhamen, who lived during the 14th century, owned an extensive collection, and aboriginal Australians used boomerangs in hunting and warfare at least as far back as 10,000 years ago. The world’s oldest boomerang, discovered in Poland’s Carpathian Mountains, is estimated to be more than 20,000 years old. Anthropologists theorize that the first boomerangs were heavy projectile objects thrown by hunters to bludgeon a target with speed and accuracy. They were most likely made out of flattened sticks or animal tusks, and they weren’t intended to return to their thrower—that is, until someone unknowingly carved the weapon into just the right shape needed for it to spin. A happy accident, huh? Proper wing design produces the lift needed for a boomerang’s flight, says John “Ernie” Esser, a boomerang hobbyist who works as a postdoctoral researcher at the University of California at Irvine’s Math Department. “The wings of a boomerang are designed to generate lift as they spin through the air,” Esser says. “This is due to the wings’ airfoil shape, their angle of attack, and the possible addition of beveling on the underside of the wings.” But a phenomenon known as gyroscopic precession is the key to making a returning boomerang come back to its thrower. “When the boomerang spins, one wing is actually moving through the air faster than the other [relative to the air] as the boomerang is moving forward as a whole,” explains Darren Tan, a PhD student in physics at Oxford University. “As the top wing is spinning forward, the lift force on that wing is greater and results in unbalanced forces that gradually turn the boomerang.” The difference in lift force between the two sides of the boomerang produces a consistent torque that makes the boomerang turn. It soars through he air and gradually loops back around in a circle.

Physical Matter and Forces – Hybrid Learning

Is the Mpemba Effect Real?

What Makes a Boomerang Come Back?